Time of flight mass spectrometer
A mass spectrometer is able to very accurately determine the relative atomic mass of an element, by measuring the mass
The ultimate A level chemistry resource
A mass spectrometer is able to very accurately determine the relative atomic mass of an element, by measuring the mass
Often writing a half equation to show reduction or oxidation is straight forward – all we need to do is
Continue readingUsing oxidation states to balance half equations
Redox titration questions are very popular on exam papers. They are usually set in an unfamiliar context and may require
Given two half equations, we need to be able to write a fully balanced redox equation both under acidic and
Continue readingWriting balanced redox equations using half equations
the oxidation state of an element is always zero the sum of the oxidation states of the elements in a
Reactions in which both oxidation and reduction occur are called redox reactions. The acronym OILRIG might be familiar, reminding us
An ion is an atom that has gained or lost electrons so that it is now charged – losing electrons
How can we possibly know what elements are present in the stars? It’s not like we can nip off and
Have you ever wondered where the elements originally came from? I think it is time for a little stardust and
At GCSE we learnt that electrons are arranged in shells or energy levels around a central nucleus – the first
Continue readingAtomic orbitals, sub-orbitals and electron configurations