What is a buffer and how do I calculate its pH?
A buffer is defined as a solution that is able to resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid
Continue readingWhat is a buffer and how do I calculate its pH?
Category: Calculations
How to calculate the pH of a base
Once again, we can assume that strong bases are fully dissociated in solution so the concentration of OH– is the
How to calculate the pH of strong acids and weak acids
The strength of an acid (HA) is determined by its ability to donate protons or H+ ions to water. The [H+(aq)]
Continue readingHow to calculate the pH of strong acids and weak acids
Why are ionic compounds soluble? (part 2)
For a full understanding of why ionic compounds are soluble we need to consider both the enthalpy and entropy changes
Born-Haber cycles
Born-Haber cycles are simply a fancy Hess cycle transposed onto an energy level diagram and we can use them to
A note on Gibbs free energy
The change in Gibbs free energy, ΔG, is a convenient way to determine whether a reaction is spontaneous or feasible
How to determine whether a reaction is feasible
A spontaneous or feasible process must be accompanied by a positive change in total entropy (entropy of the universe). Whether
Continue readingHow to determine whether a reaction is feasible
Titration – experimental technique questions
Questions based on carrying out titration and interpreting the results are common both at AS and A level. Before we
Continue readingTitration – experimental technique questions
Advanced titration calculations
So now you are confident with run-of-the-mill, text book titration questions it’s time to tackle the types of question you
Basic titration calculations
You may have come across titration calculations at GCSE, and this post builds on that knowledge. The good news is