Born-Haber cycles
Born-Haber cycles are simply a fancy Hess cycle transposed onto an energy level diagram and we can use them to
Author: Sarah Parkes
A note on the nature of ionic lattices
We are all familiar with the classic picture of an ionic lattice – for example, for a compound such as
A note on Gibbs free energy
The change in Gibbs free energy, ΔG, is a convenient way to determine whether a reaction is spontaneous or feasible
How to determine whether a reaction is feasible
A spontaneous or feasible process must be accompanied by a positive change in total entropy (entropy of the universe). Whether
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Understanding entropy
Why does water freeze when you place it in a freezer? Certainly not because the freezer sucks the heat out
Elimination reactions in halogenoalkanes
Halogenoalkanes undergo substitution reactions in the presence of a nucleophile such as the hydroxide ion, OH–, but most good nucleophiles
Explaining reactivity of halogenoalkanes
Can we predict the trend in reactivity of fluoromethane, chloromethane, bromomethane and iodomethane based on the information above? the C-F
Nucleophilic substitution in halogenoalkanes
The mechanism for this reaction is nucleophilic substitution Hydroxide ions act as nucleophiles (a species with a negative charge or
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Titration – experimental technique questions
Questions based on carrying out titration and interpreting the results are common both at AS and A level. Before we
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Advanced titration calculations
So now you are confident with run-of-the-mill, text book titration questions it’s time to tackle the types of question you